Codes

KornShell (often referred to as ksh) is a Unix shell that was developed by David Korn in the early 1980s at Bell Labs. It was created as an improvement and extension to the Bourne shell (sh) and C shell (csh), aiming to combine their useful features while addressing some of their limitations. The first official release of KornShell was in 1983.

Kotlin is a statically-typed programming language developed by JetBrains, a software development company known for creating IDEs like IntelliJ IDEA. Introduced in 2011 and officially released in 2016, Kotlin was designed to interoperate seamlessly with Java while addressing some of the latter's limitations, such as verbosity and error handling.

JScript is a scripting language developed by Microsoft in the mid-1990s, primarily designed to enable dynamic content and interactivity on web pages. It was created as a dialect of ECMAScript, which means it is very similar to JavaScript but includes some proprietary extensions that integrate with the Microsoft ecosystem.

Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language designed to run on the Java platform. Originally developed by Jim Hugunin in 1997, Jython allows Python code to seamlessly integrate with Java, enabling developers to leverage the rich ecosystem of Java libraries while using the simpler, more intuitive syntax of Python.

Julia is a high-performance, dynamic programming language designed for technical computing, developed by Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral B. Shah, and Alan Edelman. The language was first publicly released in 2012, although its development started around 2009.

J is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Ken Iverson and Roger Hui in 1990. It was developed as a modern successor to APL (A Programming Language), which Iverson had also created in the 1960s. While APL was revolutionary for its time, it had a unique character set that made it difficult to use on most standard keyboards. J aimed to overcome this by using standard ASCII characters, making it more accessible and easier to learn.

JavaScript is one of the most popular programming languages in the world, primarily used for creating interactive effects within web browsers. It was originally developed by Brendan Eich in 1995 while he was working at Netscape Communications Corporation. Eich created JavaScript in just 10 days, and it was initially called Mocha, later renamed to LiveScript, and finally JavaScript, to leverage the popularity of Java at the time, even though the two languages are very different.

Java is a widely-used, object-oriented programming language designed by James Gosling and developed by Sun Microsystems in 1995. Initially created for interactive television, Java soon evolved into a versatile language that could be used across a wide range of platforms. Gosling’s primary motivation behind Java was to create a language that could run on multiple platforms without the need for modification, leading to Java’s famous mantra: "Write once, run anywhere" (WORA).

INTERCAL, short for Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym, is a parody programming language created by Don Woods and James Lyon in 1972. Developed at Princeton University, INTERCAL was designed as a satire of the programming languages of the time, particularly FORTRAN, COBOL, and Assembly language, all of which were becoming more complex and laden with unintuitive syntax.

Inform is a design system and programming language for interactive fiction, created by Graham Nelson in 1993. The language was specifically built for writing text-based adventure games, also known as interactive fiction (IF), and it is used to create games that can be played on virtual machines like the Z-machine, which was originally developed by Infocom for its games in the 1980s.