Monads
/ˈmoʊnædz/
noun … “Composable containers for managing computation and effects.”
Type System
/taɪp ˈsɪstəm/
noun … “Rules governing the kinds of data and operations in a language.”
Type System is a formal framework in programming languages that classifies values, expressions, and variables into types, specifying how they can interact and which operations are valid. A robust type system enforces correctness, prevents invalid operations, and allows the compiler or runtime to catch errors early. Type systems can be static or dynamic, strong or weak, and often support features such as generics, type inference, and polymorphism.
Akka
/ˈækə/
noun … “Toolkit for building concurrent, distributed, and resilient systems.”
Higher-Order Function
/ˌhaɪər ˈɔːrdər ˈfʌŋkʃən/
noun … “A function that operates on other functions.”
Higher-Order Function is a function that either takes one or more functions as arguments, returns a function as its result, or both. This concept is fundamental in Functional Programming, allowing programs to abstract behavior, compose operations, and manipulate computations as first-class values. By treating functions as data, developers can build flexible, reusable, and declarative pipelines.
Immutability
/ˌɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/
noun … “Data that never changes after creation.”
Immutability is the property of data structures or objects whose state cannot be modified once they are created. In programming, using immutable structures ensures that any operation producing a change returns a new instance rather than altering the original. This paradigm is central to Functional Programming, concurrent systems, and applications where predictable state is critical.
Haskell
/ˈhæskəl/
noun … “Purely functional language for declarative computation.”
Haskell is a statically typed, purely Functional Programming language known for strong type inference, lazy evaluation, and immutability. Unlike imperative languages, Haskell emphasizes writing programs as expressions and function compositions, avoiding mutable state and side effects. Its type system, including algebraic data types and pattern matching, enables robust compile-time verification and expressive abstractions.
Design Patterns
/dɪˈzaɪn ˈpætərnz/
noun … “Proven templates for solving common software problems.”
Design Patterns are reusable solutions to recurring problems in software architecture and object-oriented design. They provide templates for structuring code to improve maintainability, scalability, and readability, without prescribing exact implementations. Patterns encapsulate best practices and lessons learned from experienced developers, allowing teams to communicate ideas efficiently using standardized terminology.
Key characteristics of Design Patterns include:
Actor Model
/ˈæktər ˈmɑːdəl/
noun … “Concurrency through isolated, communicating actors.”
Functional Programming
/ˈfʌŋkʃənl ˈproʊɡræmɪŋ/
noun … “Writing code as evaluations of pure functions.”
Functional Programming is a programming paradigm where computation is expressed through the evaluation of functions, emphasizing immutability, first-class functions, and declarative code. Unlike OOP, which centers on objects and state, Functional Programming avoids shared mutable state and side effects, making reasoning about code, testing, and concurrency more predictable and robust.
Object-Oriented Programming
/ˌoʊˌoʊˈpiː/
noun … “Organizing code around objects and their interactions.”
OOP, short for Object-Oriented Programming, is a programming paradigm that structures software design around objects, which encapsulate data (attributes) and behavior (methods). Each object represents a real-world or conceptual entity and interacts with other objects through well-defined interfaces. OOP emphasizes modularity, code reuse, and abstraction, making complex systems easier to design, maintain, and extend.
Key principles of OOP include: