CLR
/ˌsiː-ɛl-ˈɑːr/
n. “The execution engine at the heart of .NET.”
CLR, short for Common Language Runtime, is the virtual execution environment used by Microsoft’s .NET platform. It provides the machinery that loads programs, manages memory, enforces security, and executes code in a controlled, language-agnostic runtime.
Java Virtual Machine
/ˌdʒeɪ-viː-ˈɛm/
n. “A virtual computer that runs Java… and much more.”
JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine, is an abstract computing environment that executes compiled Java bytecode. Rather than running Java programs directly on hardware, the JVM acts as an intermediary layer… translating portable bytecode into instructions the underlying operating system and CPU can understand.