Concept

/ˌprɒb.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

noun — "the math behind why your code sometimes fails spectacularly."

Probability in information technology and data science is the measure of how likely an event is to occur. It is a foundational concept used in statistics, machine learning, risk analysis, and predictive modeling, allowing systems to reason about uncertainty and make data-driven decisions.

Technically, Probability involves:

/rɛər/

adjective — "the kind of bug you spend hours hunting before realizing it’s a feature."

Rare in information technology refers to events, errors, or conditions that occur infrequently but can have outsized impact. These can appear in software execution paths, unusual input combinations, or exceptional data patterns in large datasets. Rare occurrences often challenge debugging, testing, or monitoring processes because they are outside the “normal” flow and may reveal hidden vulnerabilities or unexpected behavior.

Technically, rare may involve:

/dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈnɪstɪk ˈsɪstəmz/

noun — "systems whose behavior is predictable by design."

/ˈfiː.foʊ/

noun — "first item in, first item out."

FIFO, short for First In, First Out, is a data handling or storage method in which the earliest added item is the first to be removed. This ordering principle is widely used in queues, memory buffers, and inventory accounting, ensuring that items are processed in the same order they were received.

/ˈlaɪ.foʊ/

noun — "last item in, first item out."

LIFO, short for Last In, First Out, is a data handling or storage method in which the most recently added item is the first to be removed. This ordering principle is used in stacks, memory management, and certain inventory accounting practices, ensuring that the latest entries are processed before earlier ones.

/dʊˈrəbɪlɪti/

noun — "changes survive failures permanently."

Durability is a property of transactions in computing and database systems that guarantees once a transaction has been committed, its effects are permanent, even in the event of system crashes, power failures, or hardware malfunctions. This ensures that committed data is never lost and can be reliably recovered, maintaining the integrity of the system over time.

/ˌaɪ.səˈleɪ.ʃən/

noun — "operations shielded from external interference."

Isolation is a property of transactions in computing and database systems that ensures concurrent transactions execute independently without undesired interaction. Each transaction appears to operate in isolation from others, preventing phenomena such as dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, and phantom reads. This property preserves data consistency and integrity in multi-user or multi-process environments.

/əˈtɑː.mɪ.sɪ.ti/

noun — "all-or-nothing execution in operations."

Atomicity is a property of operations in computing and database systems that ensures a sequence of actions within a transaction are treated as a single, indivisible unit. Either all actions in the transaction complete successfully, or none are applied, leaving the system in a consistent state. Atomicity prevents partial updates that could lead to data corruption, inconsistencies, or unpredictable behavior.

/ˈɛnərdʒi ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/

noun … “Capturing energy for later use.”

Energy Storage refers to the methods and systems used to capture energy produced at one time and release it when needed, ensuring a steady supply despite variable demand or intermittent generation. Energy can be stored in electrical, chemical, mechanical, or thermal forms, and energy storage is critical for balancing supply and demand in power grids, renewable energy systems, and portable devices.

Key characteristics of Energy Storage include:

/steɪt trænsˈɪʃən/

noun … “Change from one system state to another.”

State Transition refers to the movement of a system, device, or computational model from one defined state to another in response to inputs, events, or conditions. State transitions are fundamental in finite-state machines, sequential circuits, software workflows, and control systems, enabling predictable and deterministic behavior based on system rules.