Telegraphy

The NATO Phonetic Alphabet, also known as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, is a standardized set of code words used to represent the letters A–Z. Developed and adopted by NATO in 1956, it ensures clear communication over radio, telephone, and other voice channels where mishearing letters could have critical consequences. Each letter is assigned a unique word, such as A → Alfa, B → Bravo, C → Charlie, minimizing confusion due to similar-sounding letters.

Morse Code is a communication system that encodes letters, numbers, and punctuation into sequences of short and long signals, known as dits (·) and dahs (–). Developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail in the 1830s–1840s, it was originally used for telegraph transmission but has since become a standard for signaling across many media. Each character in the plaintext is represented by a unique pattern of dots and dashes.